History of the Collapse of the Soviet Union

History of the Collapse of the Soviet Union How might one clarify the crumbling and possible breakdown of the Soviet Union and its authoritative reach? The crumbling and breakdown of the Soviet Union was the consequence of a mind boggling mix of inner and outer weights which had been working for quite a long time. Financial decay, solid flows of indigenous patriotism, debasement and the deliberate deligitimization of the focal power and Communist belief system all added to a domain of inside weight, uncertainty and skepticism. Remotely, the Soviet Union’s international strategy had driven it into a strained and expensive encounter with the West, both socially and militarily. The blend of these interior and outer weights constrained the Soviet Union into an indefensible position, not, at this point ready to keep up control through a feeling of authenticity and without the will to correct it through power. Many were astounded not just at the speed with which the USSR disentangled, yet in addition at how rapidly patriot developments and associations had the option to push ahead with famous help and structure in such a short measure of time. The weights that had been building show the breakdown of the Soviet Union to have been increasingly likened to a dam breaking, discharging repressed weight and force that had been only kept down. What made the crumbling and breakdown of the Soviet Union so momentous was not simply the combination of such huge numbers of complex variables to require its disappointment, yet the methods and way where its wrecked parts reacted. It must be recollected that the Soviet Union was a domain. As Gerhard Simon Points out in Aussenpolitik, it was the first of its sort, held together by a gathering and a committment to belief system. Thus â€Å"The Soviet Union was not seen with regards to different domains which had self-destructed in Europe The USSR, then again, positioned in the West as a ‘normal’ express The Soviet Union, in any case, was basically not a typical state.† (Simon, 2000) It depended on the authenticity of its gathering and its belief system. The methodical weakening of this authenticity filled in as one of the fundamental factors in its breaking down and breakdown. It was simply the debilitating of the dam, in a manner of speaking. The activities of its satellite states speak to the motivations of recently liberated hostages, not the unfeeling relinquishment of their mom state. The weights against the dam, be that as it may, venture once more into the mid twentieth century. Simon recognizes the Bolshevik transformation of 1917 as a successful reassertion of the Russian realm following the First World War. Besides, he contends that it captured the nationalistic developments coming to fruition among the as of late liberated peoples’ of post-royal Russia. These patriot developments, of significant ethnic and social signficance for some, were not gotten rid of under the Soviet arrangement of control and persecution. They were simply pushed underground. They spent the better piece of the twentieth century gathering speed from inside the Soviet framework until the interior weights, applied in such a significant number of bearings and ways, could never again be contained. (Simon, 2000) This clarifies how rapidly and excitedly the diverse sattelite states pronounced freedom and pushed toward Western models of government and economy. â€Å"The reasons for th e destruction are established, from one perspective, in the plan mistakes of the Soviet framework and, then again, during the time spent degeneration which had been subverting solidness for decades.† (Simin, 2000) The flows of patriotism inside the Soviet Union were strengthened and picked up quality as Stalin’s controls were step by step slackened and the authenticity of the Communist Party started to endure in general visibility as data streamed all the more unreservedly. Patriot opinion matched with get-togethers in the 50’s and 60’s where labororers from the Soviet Gulag got back and started to converse with tragically deceased companions and family members about what had befallen them. (Hosking, 1991) This started to influence open discernments and mentalities just because. Individuals of like psyche started meeting secretly in their homes to talk and tune in to Western radio. In the end, the dispersal of informal writing, known as Samizdat, started. A culture of secret affiliations and shrouded bunches developed. They started to develop clandestinely in light of the efficient abuse of savvy people and nonconformists. These gatherings and affiliations in the long run started working straightforwardly in the late 80’s, just to add to the colossally different weights pulling at the Soviet Union. (Hosking, 1991) As patriot assessments picked up quality from such a ‘social awakening’, they immediately discovered that their energies were best spent arranging inside the Soviet framework. Diverse national developments had picked up quality and prompted uprisings in Hungaria in 1956 and in Czechoslovakia in 1968. The Soviets put them down rapidly and severely. (Fowkes, 1993) â€Å"[The] party initiative had no misgivings about persuasively helping their ideological assumptions become reality† (Simon, 2000) Joined with the ‘social awakening’, and the flows of patriotism going through the USSR, was the deliberate deligitimisation of its sytem. â€Å"During the 1950’s the Soviet working class turned out to be progressively hopeful about the presentation of the Soviet framework and about its own possibilities for material advancement In the 1970’s it has offered approach to cynicism. The ascent and decrease of white collar class hopefulness can be connected to some extent to political turns of events, however the essential determinant has been the changing impression of Soviet financial performance.† (Dallin Laepidus, 1995) Ruled by belief system, the inability to meet monetary objectives and desires comprised a signigicant emergency of certainty for some and a genuine hit to the authenticity of collectivist monetary philoophy. The political advancements that added to the weakening of Soviet authenticity had to do with a disharmony among belief system and practice. The contentions of Krushchev’s ‘de-Stalinisation’ offered approach to political fractures which uncovered key divisions in government. This dis-solidarity was harming to open certainty and to Soviet political authenticity. It turned into a propensity for the new Soviet pioneer to manage his issues by providing reason to feel ambiguous about fault and analysis his forerunner. â€Å"All replacements have separated themselves along comparable lines from their particular forerunners, proclaimed them to be unpersons, and in this manner contributed extensively to the delegitimation of the Soviet system.† (Simon, 2000) The foundation of this training had an amazingly negative impact upon the open discernment, bringing about an increasingly settled in pessimism toward governmental issues when all is said in done and political i nitiative. Besides, this criticism turned out to be much more profoundly established in the social and political culture as Brezhnev’s Soviet Union saw the spread of debasement attack pretty much every side of Soviet life. â€Å"The Soviet Union is contaminated through and through with debasement †from the specialist who gives the storeman a jug of vodka to land the best position, to the politburo up-and-comer Mzhavanadze who takes a huge number of rubles for ensuring underground tycoons; from the road prostitute, who pays the police officer ten rubles so he won’t keep her from requesting customers, to the previous individual from the Politburo Ekaterina Furtseva, who constructed a rich rural estate at the government’s cost †each and everybody is tormented with corruption.† (Dallin Laepidus, 1995) The absence of authenticity without anyone else was insufficient to disintegrate the Soviet Union, as no single issue most likely could have been, however it was sufficient to make everybody look to themselves. Open negativity joined with profound unite and defilement at all levels made for a political framework held together essentially by control. Inside this framework the public perfect was viably dead. Everybody hoped to compromise, everybody searched for a greater bit of a lose-lose pie. The Soviet Union saw the advancement of contending interests inside itself established in an arrangement of debasement. Joined with the flows of patriotism, who were stopped in their offer for self-assurance, and the social underground holding prohibited thoughts and discussions and distributions, this in-battling end up being the last component of a political picture which had lost its key honesty. From an international strategy perspective, this is additionally when the Soviet Union came to be known as the ‘Evil Empire’. With the steady unwinding of Stalin’s controls came an expanded progression of uncontrolled data between the Soviet Union and the West. The turning of global feeling against the Soviet Union in the late 70’s and mid 80’s, as the certainties of their social and political framework advanced into the worldwide standard, just served to elevate the ethical authenticity of the West in defying Soviet Ambitions abroad. Prior to that, the American political range remained decidedly separated over how best to draw in the USSR. After the ethical lucidity gave by the realities of such a prosecution, the West was far less thoughtful and substantially more forceful in applying all the outside weight it could. The communist/socialist intellectual elite in the West lost validity and standing, while the political standard in both America and E urope both considered defeating To be aspirations as a vital, and all the more significantly, an ethical objective. With an ethical order to challenge Soviet interests over the globe, the Americans submitted completely to keeping up their military and innovative bit of leeway, and managed little restriction from inside their own political framework. At the stature of the weapons contest, it is assessed that the Soviet Union designated anyplace from â

life Essays (203 words) - Catch-22, Film Genres, Humour,

Lose-lose situation was unquestionably a catch! This ?law? was the principle analogy of how insane war truly was and of the military position. Joseph Heller utilized this catch in a diverting manner, fundamentally making it an escape clause keeping any officer from leaving the war. ?Crazy or not, the youngsters are in a roundabout way compelled to take part in battle and battle for a war they don't think about? (http://epubl.itu.se). He utilizes a lot of dark funniness all through the book, to diminish the revulsions of war, passing, etc. He likewise utilizes such a large number of interesting strategies which can get so befuddling, that the peruser is diverted from the genuine dread and misery that individuals face in war. There are 3 explicit instances of dark silliness in the book. For instance, Heller makes the military incapable to grasp passing and life. Furthermore, he parodies demise and assault and to wrap things up miscommunication, which is vital to everything. It is very amusing how a dead man is supposed to be living and how a clearly living man is professed to be dead. This is the means by which Heller utilizes dark amusingness in this specific situation. It?s stunning the intensity of composed word. Most peo...

Blog Archive How to Quit Your Job Best Practices for Communicating Your Decision to Leave Â

Blog Archive How to Quit Your Job Best Practices for Communicating Your Decision to Leave     In this blog series, our mbaMission  Career Coaches  offer invaluable advice and industry-related news to help you actively manage your career. Topics include building your network, learning from mistakes and setbacks, perfecting your written communication, and mastering even the toughest interviews. To schedule a free half-hour consultation with one of our mbaMission Career Coaches,  click here. Whether you are quitting your job to attend an MBA program or accept another job opportunity, being thoughtful about the best time and way to resign is critical for maintaining a positive reputation in the marketplace.     Here are a few questions to consider before communicating your resignation:       What is your goal for the conversation? Who is the right person to inform of your decision? What type of relationship do you have with that person, and what will be their likely reaction?     What is the right time and place to communicate your decision? What are your primary concerns about communicating your resignation? What are the company norms in terms of resignations?   Is there anything that could convince you to stay?     When engaging in the actual in-person conversation (or via phone/video conference call if your boss is not at your location), we recommend taking the following approach: Be direct, but focus on the positives of your experience at the firm. Try to be specific about how you grew and what you learned during your tenure at the company. Show gratitude by thanking your boss for the opportunity and their support.   Explain why you are leaving, and indicate it was a tough decision. Share what you value in the new opportunity, which is ideally something that your current company cannot match. Preserve goodwill. Focus on your boss’s desire to have a smooth transition by asking about their key concerns and offering solutions including helping to find a replacement, training the replacement, staying through an upcoming crunch period, being available for questions after you have left, and crafting a transition plan. If you are leaving to attend business school, offer to serve as a brand ambassador for your former employer.   Agree upon an end date. Consider when you want/need to leave as well as what makes sense for your projects. Be prepared that following this conversation, your employer might ask you to pack up your things and leave immediately and might cut off your electronic access to company documents. Find out about specific company policies or notifications that are required to terminate your employment, and understand the details of your employee benefits.   Express a desire to stay in touch with your boss and other colleagues. It is a small world, and you never know who could be helpful to you in the future. If you have not done so already, connect with your boss and colleagues on LinkedIn. Finally, accept that your boss is likely to be disappointed and you are unlikely to change that, so focus on what you do control. Be kind, appreciative, and thoughtful while making your departure as smooth as possible. Have you been admitted to business school? If so, do you want to get a head start on defining your career goals? Do you need help preparing for job interviews or learning how to effectively network with your target employers? Or maybe you want to be a top performer in your current role but are unsure how to maximize your potential. Let an mbaMission Career Coach help via a  free 30-minute consultation!   Share ThisTweet Career Advice

Five Love Languages by Gary Chapman Free Essay Example, 750 words

ï » ¿Summary of the Five Love Languages The Five Love Languages is an interesting book because it advises spouses how to love one another in a long lasting way. The book teaches individuals how to treat, love, and respect their spouses. Learning the five languages of love, therefore, helps spouses to succeed in the field of love. The book also equips individuals with the knowledge that enables them to advise their friends and family members about how to treat their partners. The fact that love is a field that involves two individuals from different families makes the book significant because it teaches them all the essential aspects of love. Summary Gary Chapman discusses the five signs of language that include physical touch, quality time, gifts, words of affirmation, and acts of service (Chapman, 2010). Chapman argues that the first sign, which is the words of affirmation, is whereby individuals comment positively about their spouses and their actions. The author advises individuals to use humble and encouraging words when speaking to their spouses in their presence and also when they are absent (Chapman, 2010). According to Chapman (2010), the second language of love is quality time that involves giving a spouse undivided attention. We will write a custom essay sample on Five Love Languages by Gary Chapman or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The author argues that partners should create time when they talk about their relationship and carry out activities together. Spouses do this by ensuring that nothing distracts them during this time. For example, they should switch off the radio and the television, maintain eye contact, and concentrate on body language (Chapman, 2010). The third language is the receiving of gifts. This rule argues that spouses should give each other gifts occasionally such as during birthdays and anniversaries. The author explains how the failure to give a spouse gifts may lead to a feeling of rejection. The fourth language of love is the acts of service involve carrying out of activities that please the other spouse. For example, the author argues that planting a garden is an act of service that acts as a gift to a spouse. Chapman (2010) postulates that individual’s feel appreciated and loved when their spouses perform for them these acts. Chapman argues that the last language of love is physical touch. The author explains how touching a spouse acts as an efficient channel of communicating love. He also advises spouses to touch one another by kissing, holding hands, embracing, and engaging in sex to convey emotional love (Chapman, 2010). Chapman writes questions at the end of every topic to enable readers to understand the content of each chapter. The questions also enable readers to measure the level to which they use each sign language. The measurements then enable the audience to formulate techniques of improving on the use of each language to create a lasting relationship with their spouses. Comparison with Course Material The content of the five love languages agrees with the lessons that we have learnt in class. For example, in the course, we learn that women face numerous health risks that may cause severe consequences when ignored. Stress is one of the risks that women face and it may arise from a troublesome relationship with a spouse. The course teaches women to save their health by eliminating factors that cause depression. Since the five love languages teach men and women how to love one another ideally, it means that the book aims at eliminating dissatisfaction and stress from a relationship. The book concentrates on love while it ignores other health issues that women face such as reproductive diseases. This means that when women read this book and follow its advice, it does not guarantee one hundred percent health. Therefore, women have to search for information on other issues that face them such as how to prevent diseases such as bacterial infections. Evaluation The book is efficient in teaching spouses how to live with one another in a respectful and loving manner. It teaches individuals how to treat their spouses and advice their friends who fall in love. Chapman’s text influences a people’s behaviour because after reading it, individuals practise the five languages of love and this reduces conflicts in relationships. The author should have included a topic that teaches spouses how to safeguard their health. This is because some readers such as men may not understand all the health risks that women face and this may limit them from practising the five languages of love. Reference Chapman, G. D. (2010). The Five Love Languages, Men's Edition: The secret love that lasts. Chicago: Northfield Press.

Business Essays - International Market Sales - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1710 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? International Market Sales 1. Introduction Toyota is the automotive company with the biggest market share of the industry and over the course of the last decade has almost doubled it Sales. Growth in Japan has only accounted for 27% of this achievement, highlighting the importance internationalisation has had for Toyotaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ambition to become the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s number one automobile producer. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Business Essays International Market Sales" essay for you Create order Figure 1: Global Market Share (Source: Datamonitor 2008) The Automobiles Industry is one of the few truly global industries as demand is spread around the world, and the big car companies all compete in all markets. Currently NAM still accounts for the biggest market, closely followed by Europe. However Asia-Pacific is the fastest growing market and is likely that over the next couple of years the market shares per regions will converge. Figure 2: Market share by region (Source: Datamonitor 2008) This report will look at understanding the key drivers for internationalisation as well as local differentiation from the perspective of manufacturing and supply chain. In 2007, exactly 50% (all figures are based on Toyota Databook 2008 figures replicated in Appendix 1: Production and Sales by region) of production took place outside Japan, compared to 32% in 1998. This was achieved during a period of intense growth and translates into an expansion of 293% in overseas production capacities, compared to an increase of 134% in production capacity in Japan. Figure 3: Share of Overseas Production as % of total Production The fact that Toyota has internationalised its capacities should not cloud the fact that there is still significant production in Japan for external markets 62% of all cars produced in Japan 2007 were exported. The key export market is NAM, which like most regions shows a production deficit compared to its Sales. The only region where sales equal production is Asia (excluding Japan), all other regions are net importers. Figure 4: Consolidated Vehicle Sales and Production (Source: Toyota Annual Report 2008) To quantify the level of internationalisation a company has achieved, the calculation of a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Transnationality indexà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is used as a measure. It is computed as an average of three ratios. Foreign assets as proportion of total assets Foreign Sales as proportion of total sales Foreign Employees as proportion of total employees: Figure 5 shows the transnationality index for Toyota and its two biggest rivals. The data shows that Toyota is now the most internationalised of these three, and has overtaken Ford who ten years ago was ahead with regards to transnationalization. The comparison also shows the discrepancy between foreign assets, which it leads, and foreign employees, where it scores significantly lower than its competitors. This could indicate a less labour intensive and more effective production as well as a more centralized organization structure that keeps many of the non-asset leveraging staff functions in Japan. 2005 Toyota 2005 GM 2005 Ford 2005 Foreign Assets as proportion of total assets 54% 37% 44% Foreign Sales as proportion of total sales 63% 34% 45% Foreign Employees as proportion of total employees 38% 58% 53% Transnationality index 52% 43% 48% 1996 Foreign Assets as proportion of total assets 35% 25% 31% Foreign Sales as proportion of total sales 47% 32% 45% Foreign Employees as proportion of total employees 23% 34% 38% Transnationality index 35% 30% 38% Figure 5: Transnationality Index for Top 3 Automotive companies (Source: UNCTAD WIR 1998/2007) 2. 1 Globalisation at Toyota The automotive industry is a mature, highly-competitive market that is experiencing global concentration (Datamonitor: Global Automobiles Industry Report 2008). The key driver for growth is the need for increased economies of scale in RD, engineering, design, production and marketing. In addition, regulatory requirements with regards to safety, fuel economy, emissions etc require large central investments. Many competitors of Toyota have engaged in MA and RD alliances, Toyota is one of the few companies that has grown mainly organically. Japan has a home market provided only limited potential for growth, and in fact declined (Sales of 2007 have been only 92% of sales in 1998), therefore international expansion has been the way to enable scale economies. Many of the drivers for internationalisation of its production system can be based on the framework depicted below. Push factors have been cost disadvantages experienced through a relatively costly production environment in Ja pan, cost of shipping for export, and the need for risk diversification with regards to developments in the home market. A maturing market and increased foreign competition have forced Toyota to focus its growth strategy abroad, and the need to internationalise its production network in response to the sales success has followed. Figure 6: Drivers of internationalisation (Source: WBS Course Notes IB, Lesson 5) Car manufacturing is a complex process and its production chain can be broken into three major subprocesses (Bodies, Components and Engines Transmissions) plus assembly, all of which are fairly independent from each other. This lends itself to a globally diversified set of production locations based on the best factor endowments with regards to the needs of the subprocess, i.e. assembly is fairly labour intensive whereas Engines Transmissions is highly technologically advanced process. In short, the key drivers for internationalisation can be summarised below: enabling growth and access to new markets economies of scale: central cost of product development need to control quality have let to a full ownership model reuse of technology à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" standardizing, the lesser parts the better, etc. 2.2 Drivers of localisation Toyota was successful in following its internationalisation strategy and stimulated demand abroad. Initially, it followed an export strategy to meet foreign demand, however encountered trade barriers leading it to a second phase of internationalisation in which it started to build production facilities abroad. Given the highly idiosyncratic production environment of Toyota à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" which has become synonymous for lean operations and quality focus à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this step has created more anxiety than usual, as the Toyota Production system and its supplier system were deemed culturally entwined with the mentality of a Japanese workforce and the keiretsu structures of a the Japanese environment. However the drivers towards a localisation of manufacturing and supply-chain were so strong that Toyota had to attempt transferring its management system and culture into culturally different places. The main drivers that drove this decision were: tariff barriers and pressure for FDI rather than just exports (particularly from the US) off-setting currency risks cost of shipment need to match local taste of consumers One of the key decisions was where to place the new plants abroad. As particularly the auto industry leads to an agglomeration of supporting industries down the value chain, there is significant national and regional government support to be gained as host country governments are aware of the job creation effects and possibilities for home companies in the development of the supplier industries. In addition, these clusters support the knowledge sharing and excellence building, and have a significant impact on technological innovation that can lead to spill-over effects.. Toyota has become famous for its choice of Greenfield sites at rural places, which is firmly linked to the development of its particular organizational capabilities and the need of a workforce that is open to the Toyota approach and can be acculturated to the Toyota way. Therefore Toyota was in a position to chose a location with maximum support of government bodies, and a match to the sales requirements of the region. In 2008, Toyota has 53 manufacturing companies established in 27 countries of the world, see details below: Figure 7: Overseas Manufacturing Companies (Source: Toyota Databook 2008) Given the physical restraints, and particularly the just-in-time system that Toyota has championed, supply chains are required to be local and flexible to meet the different needs. Despite the fact that in theory transaction costs can be minimized through the reduction of suppliers a company entertains relationships with, the benefits of flexibility and local responsiveness outweigh this concept in many cases. As an example, Toyota is now sourcing some of its engines for the European market from Porsche rather than importing it from its own motor production plants. Local responsiveness to the needs of the consumers is another reason why production has become more localised over the last decade. Until shortly, the tastes and preferences of European and American consumers were very diff erent, although the explosion in gasoline prices might lead to a convergence of preferences for fuel efficient cars in the future. It therefore was a logical conclusion to build the models in the regions where they matched the majority of the demand. Whereas this limits scale effects as products are produced in more and smaller plants, the scope effects with regards to core technology, learning effects of generic manufacturing and human resource management techniques still apply, thereby enabling Toyota to implement a production system that can reap the benefits of internationalisation as well as be responsive to its local customers. 3. Summary Toyotas internationalisation strategy has been highly successful, evidenced by a 200% increase in revenues over 10 years with stable profit margins, which stands in sharp comparison to its rivals, particularly its American ones (see graphs below). The push for internationalisation has initially been market seeking given the limitations for growth in its home country Japan. However initially production has not mirrored internationalisation of demand and followed an export model. The restrictive trade policies encountered in Europe and the US however have driven Toyota to internationalise its production capabilities, which it has almost tripled with regards to capacity in the last 10 years. As production capability is considered to be one of Toyotaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s core capabilities lending competitive advantage, it is only stringent that Toyota has opted for a full ownership approach. Toyotaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s production facilities now cover the globe and remain centrally in tegrated, although the key focus on models produced is those that meet local market demand. Achieving the right mix of internationalisation and localisation remains one of the key challenges as the trade-offs of scale economies versus flexibility and customisation remain. Appendix 1: Vehicle Production, Sales and Exports by Region Appendix 2 References Datamonitor (2008): Automobiles Industry Profile: Global. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=32200475site=bsi-live Toyota Corporation (2008), Overseas Production companies. Toyota in the world 2008 Databook, accessed 02.08.2008 https://www.toyota.co.jp/en/about_toyota/in_the_world/pdf2008/26overseas.pdf Toyota Corporation (2008): Vehicle Production, Sales and Exports by Region, Toyota in the world 2008 Databook, accessed 02.08.2008 https://www.toyota.co.jp/en/about_toyota/in_the_world/pdf2008/32sales.pdf Unctad: World Investment report 2007, accessed 02.08.2008-08-03 https://www.unctad.org/en/docs//wir2007_en.pdf Unctad: World Investment report 1998, accessed 02.08.2008-08-03 https://www.unctad.org/en/docs/wir1998_en.pdf WBS course notes (2008): International Business.

Race, Culture, Identity Misunderstood Connections

Appiah Essay Throughout the essay, Race, Culture, Identity: Misunderstood Connections, I found Kwame Anthony Appiah’s claims about social scripts to support my idea that we present ourselves differently depending on the circumstance. There are times when we try to play into the majority, as well as times where we try and fall into the minority; we choose which group we want to highlight depending on which will get us where we want to go. Appiah presents different ideas about social norms and the status of minorities in society throughout his entire essay. In the chapter, A Common Culture, Appiah talks about the great divide between the minority and the majority in terms of employment and educational opportunities, saying, â€Å"At the same time, it has always been true that there was a dominant culture in these United States. It was Christian, it spoke English, and it identified with the high cultural traditions of Europe and, more particularly, of England. This dominant culture included much of the common culture of the dominant classes---the government and business and cultural elites---but it was familiar to many others who were subordinate to them. And it was not merely an effect but also an instrument of their domination.†(Appiah 87). In this quote, Appiah brings up the fact that even though there was nothing written stating that minorities cannot be elites, it was know by the people of our country that the dominant race held claim to those positions. Though not statedShow MoreRelatedThe House On Mango Street Analysis1020 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscovering how her Mexican culture impacts how she and others will view herself as an individual and how her culture impacts the future she desires to live. 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MisunderstandingsRead MoreBlack Males Enter Educational Environments Questioning1559 Words   |  7 PagesBlack males enter educational environments questioning if they belong while trying to survive. Schools reflect critical factors that impact how Black males see themselves and how they envision their futures. Brooms (2016) asserts that school culture cannot understand the context of the lived experiences of Black males within education without positioning them as victims of the system. However, it is due to â€Å"institutional racism, intergenerational poverty, and the lack of meaningfully sustained educational

Leading Change in Healthcare System Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Leading Change in Healthcare System. Answer: Introduction Research indicates that a number of issues of concern in the healthcare system across communities are coming into limelight which is to be addressed at the earliest. Healthcare management in the contemporary era is marked by the application of a number of a strategic management framework that aims to address the diverse issues in the workplace (Duckett Willcox, 2011). Humanistic management model focuses on the humans as the most crucial resource of a health setting. When integrated as an element of strategic management framework it promises to bring about positive changes in the care settings within a short span of time (Mele, 2016). The present report is a review of four strategic health care issues within the current work place which is Queensland Ambulance Service. The strategic health issues considered for the report are are Ambulance Ramping, Enhancement of Workplace Health and Safety Occupational Violence, Developing Better Information Technology Capabilities and Proving High Quality Patient Care. The strategic issue identified are key concerns since they influence the QAS pertaining to the operational functioning at present and would continue to do so in the future. The report would put forward a critical analysis of the humanistic management model and demonstrate how it influences present practices. Lastly, the report would demonstrate the strategic management framework and how this would addresses the identified health concerns. Description of care setting The current workplace setting is the Queensland Ambulance Service (QAS) that is a part of the Queensland Health (QHealth). The organisation is a reputed statutory ambulance service functioning within Queensland (QLD). It is notable for providing non-emergency and emergency pre-hospital care in addition to disaster response and transport services to the community. The expectations from the setting are set high as the community considers this service as reliable and convenient. The current position held in the QAS is that of a Senior Operations Supervisor (SOS) within the Metro-North Local Ambulance Service Network. The position requires on to provide management and coordination of ambulance personal and resources and real time operational supervision. At this position, one is required to provide logistic solutions to challenges faced in operations through tactical management aids. An essential role is also played in establishing and sustaining a strong relationship with chief stakeholders within the QHealth Hospital and Health Services and QAS Operations Communication Centre. Explanation of managerial duties Holding a senior position in a healthcare service setting one is expected to demonstrate a set of competencies and core skills that are aligned with the objectives and mission of the organisation. At present the managerial responsibilities and duties held include supervising, leading and managing different domains of workforce performance and operations. The objective is to ensure adequate service delivery that is aligned with the set operational plans as well as the legislative requirements. It is also a part of the duty to engage in effective communication with the external stakeholders for maintaining a strong professional relationship. In addition, it is required to provide operational support that directs major incidents within the setting. Suitable leadership skills are to be showcased in this regard in the real-life scenarios. The position of SOS is one that demands te individual to look after diverse areas in the business for ensuring that the decision making process is guide d by best management models, legislative procedures and policies. Strategic issues pertinent to the health sector For identifying the present strategic health issues faced within the QAS, it is desirable to conduct a SWOT analysis. Through this assessment, a number of chief concerns became prominent, of which four would be considered for the present paper. These strategic issues related to ambulance ramping, improvement of occupational violence, development of better information technology capabilities and provision of high quality patient care. All of these highlighted issues are to considered as strategic since they require managerial interventions for coming up with resolutions to these concerns. Certain styles of management are elementary for addressing these situations, and the role of the manager is more prominent in here (Grant et al., 2011). Ambulance ramping- Ambulance ramping is the situation in which the patients transported to the Emergency Department (ED) through an ambulance suffers a delay in offload from the trolley of the ambulance to the treatment area of the ED. Usually, the delay in an ambulance offload into the ED of half an hour or more is considered as ambulance ramping. At the QAS it has been noticed that ambulance ramping is gradually becoming a strategic health concern and this is more evident in the last one decade. QAS is largely effected by this situation pertaining to providing a suitable and timely response to the community. As opined by Perry and Carter (2017) ambulance ramping is related to a significant measurement of adverse patient morbidity as well as mortality. The primary cause of ambulance ramping is overcrowding of the ED that is caused by multifaceted and complex reasons, including high demands for ED services, and processing insufficiency. Improvement of workplace health and safety (Occupational violence)- Occupational violence is the second prominent strategic issue at QAS. It has been found that the healthcare workers at this setting are continually being subjected to occupational violence since they come across individuals who are stressful and unpredictable. Since these individuals are in volatile situations, service providers at QAS are subjected to violence and aggression. The issue is strategic since the employees are confronted by certain ethical dilemmas regarding personal safety and patient care obligations. Moreover, combating this issue requires interventions that are broadly focused and based on shared responsibilities of the employees. Leadership is essential for addressing the issue in all functions. Enhancement of better information technology- In light of the advancement brought about in rapid implementation of information technology systems across healthcare service domains, it has been reported that QAS in lagging behind in this arena. There is an urgent need of implementing better and adequate information technology systems in the setting that would enable successful storage and analysis of a large pool of health information. The concern is strategic since it requires the employment of competent personnel and additional resources (Kellermann Jones, 2013). Provision for high quality patient care- For a healthcare service provider it is essential to provide optimal quality patient care. QAS has been recently showing deviation from this motto as the patient satisfaction scores are not high. The patient's outcomes are not aligned with the guidelines of clinical practice in this setting. Quality health care perceived to be an overarching umbrella beneath which the aspect of patient safety resides. The issues need strategic interventions in the form of interaction between the human and non-human resources. Processes that are variable are to be eliminated, and enhancement of provider competencies and education is crucial through training and supervision. Monitoring and evaluation processes when integrated into the functioning of the setting leads to improvements (Mohammed et al., 2016). Critical analysis of humanistic management model As highlighted by Pirson (2017) the humanistic management model is a noteworthy management and administration theory that has is now being considered for application across different healthcare settings for achieving best outcomes. The model, in the present era, has become a preferred and dominant management paradigm for healthcare services. The management model gives prime importance to ethical foundations of the organisation and thus the management as a whole. As per this model, an organisation must perceive the humans that is the employees as the most crucial resource. The approach has the emphasis on the need for managers to stimulate the activity, motivation and creativity of the employees to work in collaboration and achieve the set goals of the organisation. The models stress to a large extent the requirement for human aspects to be considered as fundamental for suitable management processes. Through showing concerns and care for the wellbeign of the individuals managers can s uitabley addresses all challenges coming up in due course of time. The elements of human welfare that are encomapassed in this model are human dignity, comprehensive knowledge, wholeness, common good, development, stewardship-sustainability and transcendence. Pirson (2014) highlighted that integrated into the humanistic model is the set of humanistic principles that respect individuals concerns and provoke their enthusiasm. Such an approach enables collaboration between employees and managers which is very much required for bringing in key developments nin the setting. Humanism is perceived from an individuals standpoint of the indispensable concerns related to the organisations motto, its demands, and its purpose. Mele (2016) argues that the humanistic model has some key disadvantages that make it not appropriate for application in healthcare settings. The argument put forward is that the model is too positive pertaining to human behaviour. The model has the underlying principle that humans would choose the positive path under all circumstances and that motivation can be augmented for all individuals in a group through one stimulus, which is not true for all cases. Carr et al., (2017) further opposed that the approach is not scientific a nd lacks a strong foundation of evidence. Nevertheless, the importance of humanistic model cannot be ignored since it is a people-oriented management model and looks for benefits for human ends. Application of humanistic management practices as part of the practice and a strategic management framework The humanistic management model, as established by Brousseau et al., (2017) is a pioneer of modern-day management practices that aim to bring developments in the planning, staffing, organisation and control process of a healthcare system. Thoughtful observation and research identify that potential that this management approach holds to carry out a change in the system. If QAS is to reformulate management practices based on the humanistic management model, a set of managerial practices are to be embedded in the operations and functioning. The manner in which humanstic management practices can be integrated as a part of the strategic framework can be elaborated under the following aspects- Establishment of institutional statements- Institutional statements for QAS must be rooted in the ideas of the setting being committed to what holds more value for the employees. What the employees do, meaning the mission, what they want to be in future, meaning the vision, and what they value more, meaning the corporate values, must be relevant to the permanent element of human wellbeing. Along with technical elements humanistic values such as ethics and dignity are also to be included (Ozcelik et al., 2014). Leadership- There exist different definitions for leadership with the common aim of influencing employees in a positive direction through a collaborative approach. For a proper functioning of a healthcare system, it is essential to set common goals and determine what is to be done under different situations. A humanistic approach would imply that QAS organisational structure has power evenly distributed over all levels of employees to the extent feasible. In contrast to paternalistic management modules, leadership model would ensure that all stakeholders are given equal importance and are treated as collaboraters. It is needed that the human condition of being free and independent is acknowledged and human dignity is given prominence. An interactive dialogue and relationship between the healthcare leaders and the followers would ensure that the need for personal and professional growth of the employees at QAS are taken care of (Cameron Green, 2015). Communication- The managers at QAS are required to engage in informal communication along with formal communication so that two-way transmission of feelings, values and thoughts are promoted. Dissemination of decisions of the managers at all levels is pivotal so that relevant messages are shared to all employees. The first humanistic and ethical requirement is to avoid manipulative information and lies since this would foster respect for human values. Managers and leaders are to sustain truthfulness in all forms of communication that have transparency as its prime feature (Grant et al., 2011). Organisational structure- An organisational structure refers to the set of responsibilities and roles for individuals in an organisation that considers processes, policies, resource allocation, supervision, technology and finances at the core. Though there is no perfect humanistic organisational structure, the humanistic model demands respect for all people within the organisational structure. The minimum requirement is to avoid poor treatment of individuals as receptors of orders, to show eagerness to guide and to give feedback and suggestions at all levels (Kaplan, 2014). Coordination and control- Controlling the complexity of a care service owing to diverse scope and functionality are difficult under certain environment. A humanistic approach entails harmonisation, synchronisation and unification of different elements of management practices to generate a congruent outcome. Motivation is perhaps at the heart of such an approach that requires the managers to constantly provide motivation and encouragement to come up with their best initiatives. At QAS there is a requirement for managers to enagage in conflict resolution and eliminate dysfunctional aspects that impair the overall functioning of the centre. Decision making- The previous approach to decision making by managers in healthcare systems focused on the sole role of managers in this process. It is to be relaised that decision making needs to firstly consider the need of defining the nature of the problems before a plan is made for solving them. The human dimension that prevails in this regard is how the problems and needs influence individuals. Humanistic management style focuses on long-term benefits of the employees rather than short-term benefits of the organisation. Against this background, it is to be stated that the managers at QAS must involve the employees at all major decision making processes and have an insight of the possible social reactions that would possibly come up as a result of the decisions taken (Buchbinder Shanks, 2016). Application of strategic management framework for addressing the issues As opined by Buchbinder and Shanks (2016) health service providers must manage to effectively bring about change in their systems, strategies, products and services for surviving the challenges coming up for external as well ass internal forces. Only an application of a robust and evidence-based strategic framework is capable of addressing the four issues highlighted within the context of QAS. Developing human resources would be the key aspect of strategic management model to be applied at QAS. The idea would be to enhance the capability and skills of the healthcare professionals. This step would be two-dimensional, encompassing increase in skills of individuals and change in the skill mix of these professionals. QAS must consider conducting training sessions that have a positive impact on the professionals. Counselling sessions when conducted with the professionals ensure that they lead to better client satisfaction. Training also augments better information transmission and decreased complaints from service users. At QAS, this approach can combat the concern of ambulance ramping to a moderate extent. Division of roles and responsibilities among the different workers reflct the proper distribution of tasks. Changing the skill mix permits resolution to conflicts and misunderstandings among professionals. Reviews point out that tasks done by one group of professionals can y ield better and comparable results when done by a different group. QAS can consider changing roles in forms of delegation, substitution and innovation. Changing interface between key services would also be beneficial (Ginter et al., 2013). Walston (2014) highlighted a set principle strategic approaches that would be beneficial when applied to the QAS context. The activities that QAS must carry out in the near future must include the introduction of regular evaluation and monitoring cycles, workshops for identification of employee concerns and training activities. The results would ensure more rational utilisation of funds due to better planning; enhanced coordination and integration of programs; better working methods; enhanced morale of staff and increased worker participation. For improving the current status of health IT system at QAS, infrastructure is to be made better that can support modern and advanced IT systems. QAS can consider pooling in resources from different healthcare systems that can be beneficial for both quality patient care and high technology. Recruitment of professionals who are a pro in the field of IT would be the key strategic step. Experts of the health IT domain are to be made a part of the system who can successfully collect and manage health information and maintain it on a regular basis. Increasing the human resource would surely bring in improvement within a short span of time. Occupational violence at QAS can be combated through suitable leadership skills demonstrated by all managers. Governance and leadership enable individuals to report against occupational violence so that appropriate measures are taken. When support is received from the higher authorities, employees will come forward to report all incidents of harm and injury suffered by the employees at QAS (Ginter et al., 2013). Patient care quality can be improved through establishment of relationships. Employees are to be guided to work in collaboration with each other for delivering comprehensive care. The requirement for teamwork is to be felt at all levels. The managers must come forward to instil an essence of teamwork and solidarity fostering healthcare (McCalman Potter, 2015). Along with this comes the need of a robust monitoring process that accurately identifies the gaps in care delivery. Without such a monitoring system QAS would not be able to move forward regarding quality. The monitoring system can encompass a number of tools available that are effective in collecting subjective as well as objective data regarding service provision. Based on the data collected QAS can outline a plan that corresponds to the breaches identified in adhering to service guidelines (Walston, 2014). Conclusion The requirement for safety and quality improvement initivates pervades health care services at QAS. The extent to which the services provided to the individuals enhance the chances of suitable health outcomes, and are aliged with the professional guidelines, is to be changed for the better. Interventions for improving quality must lead to changes in the completeset of primary end points and must contribute to results in different sections of the system. Through a humanistic management model, the wholeness of the individuals can be taken into account with a comprehensive knowledge of each of the members. Through an emphasis on human flourishing QAS can achieve its key goals and objectives. QAS must give focus on the creation of institutional statements based on humanistic approach as deemed fit for the organisation. A strategic management framework would ensure that the organisation is prominent in control and coordination of activities, enabling valuable allocation of resources. In h ere, resources refer to both materials and personnel. Formal and informal communication, leadership and efficient decision making would be elementary to such a strategic management systems application. It is to be anticipated that management practices oriented towards employee welfare, in amalgamation with chief strategic management practices, would be instrumental in achieving best possible patient care outcomes at QAS. References Brousseau, S., Cara, C. M., Blais, R. (2017). A Humanistic Caring Quality of Work Life Model in Nursing Administration Based on Watson's Philosophy.International Journal for Human Caring,21(1), 2-8. Buchbinder, S. B., Shanks, N. H. (Eds.). (2016).Introduction to health care management. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Cameron, E., Green, M. (2015).Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Carr, S. C., Parker, J., Arrowsmith, J., Haar, J., Jones, H. (2017). Humanistic Management and Living Wages: a Case of Compelling Connections?.Humanistic Management Journal,1(2), 215-236. Duckett, S. J. Willcox, S. (2011). The Australian Health Care System (4thed). South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. Ginter, P.M., Duncan, W.D. Swayne., L. E (2013)..Strategic management of health care organisations (7th ed., pp. 3-33). Jossey-Bass. Grant, R., Butler, B., Hung, H., Orr. S., (2011). Contemporary Strategic Management An Australian Perspective, (1st ed.) John Wiley Sons: Australia. Kaplan, S., Cortina, J., Ruark, G., LaPort, K., Nicolaides, V. (2014). The role of organizational leaders in employee emotion management: A theoretical model.The Leadership Quarterly,25(3), 563-580. Kellermann, A. L., Jones, S. S. (2013). What it will take to achieve the as-yet-unfulfilled promises of health information technology.Health affairs,32(1), 63-68. McCalman, J., Potter, D. (2015). Leading Cultural Change: The Theory and Practice of Successful Organisational Transformation (1sted) Kogan Page: London. Mele, D., (2016). Understanding Humanistic Management, Journal of Humanistic Management (1) 33-55. Mohammed, K., Nolan, M. B., Rajjo, T., Shah, N. D., Prokop, L. J., Varkey, P., Murad, M. H. (2016). Creating a patient-centered health care delivery system: a systematic review of health care quality from the patient perspective.American Journal of Medical Quality,31(1), 12-21. Ozcelik, H., Fadiloglu, C., Karabulut, B., Uyar, M. (2014). Examining the effect of the case management model on patient results in the palliative care of patients with cancer.American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine,31(6), 655-664. Perry, M., Carter, D. (2017). The ethics of ambulance ramping.Emergency Medicine Australasia,29(1), 116-118. Pirson, M. (2014). Towards a human-centered theory and practice of the firm.Journal of Management for Global Sustainability,2. Pirson, M. (2017).Humanistic Management: Protecting Dignity and Promoting Well-Being. Cambridge University Press. Walston, S. L., (2014) Strategic Healthcare Management Planning and Execution (1st ed.) Health Administration Press: Chicago.

Summary of Evangelium Vitae free essay sample

This affirmation of the Gospel of Life, which is part of and inseparable from the entire Gospel of Christ, is fundamental to the Church’s mission to the world, and part of the necessary witness of every Christian — especially in our present culture, where the very meaning and value of human life is under grave threat: â€Å"Only in this direction will you find justice, development, true freedom, peace and happiness! † The encyclical consists of four chapters, and begins by outlining the present situation, where assaults against human life lead the pope to characterize society today as a â€Å"culture of death†.In Chapter I, â€Å"The Voice of Your Brother’s Blood Cries to Me from the Ground†, Pope John Paul reviews the roots of human violence, and the very serious threats to human life we see today. He draws heavily on Scripture (especially the account of Cain and Abel) in his explanation of the way in which, from the beginning, personal sin undermines the very basis for affirming love and life. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of Evangelium Vitae or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"At the root of every act of violence against one’s neighbor there is a concession to the ‘thinking’ of the Evil One, the one who ‘was a murderer from the beginning’.A distorted and â€Å"perverse idea of freedom† justifies crimes against life at its most vulnerable — abortion and euthanasia — as â€Å"rights†, and underlies the present conflict between the â€Å"culture of life† and the â€Å"culture of death†. Christ’s words, â€Å"I Came That They May Have Life†, are the title of Chapter II. Here the pope reviews the history of man created in the image of God, and explains the implications of our being so created. Human life has its meaning within the context of the good Creation, and is fulfilled only in union with God.Making use of copious citations of Scripture, both the Old and New Testaments (as he does throughout the encyclical), the Holy Father shows that man’s responsibility for the Gospel of Life includes not only care for the innocent, weak and vulnerable, but also love for enemies. Man’s moral responsibility for creation includes his environment, the natural world; and it involves, also, participation in creation of new life â€Å"in the image of God†. Man is not the master of life, nor is he the master of death, the pope stresses. Instead, man entrusts imself entirely to God, who has given him life. Life, therefore, is always good. Thus suicide and euthanasia are always fundamentally immoral. It is impossible, the pope states, for life to be authentic and complete if it is detached from good, from the truth that is the Law of God. This truth is fulfilled in Jesus. The Holy Father presents an extensive reflection on the meaning of the Cross: â€Å"It is finished†. The Church’s sacraments are symbolized by the blood and water that flows from Jesus’ side. Contemplation of the cross thus â€Å"brings us to the very heart of all that has taken place†.This will open the eyes of the nation that Gods will for us is to be with him in his kingdom and that he is the only one rightful to end a persons life. Having read the book, it made me realize how precious a guft of life is, because with the environment of todays generation it is becoming a typical or common issue about killing or suicides, which should not be. And worst, we accept that some country or government legalized abortion. Abortion or RH Bill is not the answer for todays crisis the gift of life is not a problem and never will be.Having read evangelium vitae made me realize that I should work now and do my duty as a catholic and as a child of God. As a student I should know the different ways to help and support the fight for Anti-RH bill, because every human, every breathing person counts no matter what status or position you are in the community. For catholics every mass we attend there are prayers offered seeking guidance and protection against all anti life forces, it would not take so much of our time and effort to join the prayers and pray it with all our heart.A lot of catholic and christian community are helding pr ayer brigades and programs that aims to educate and touch the hearts of those people who are blinded of promoting rh bill, it will be a big help if we support those and be really there to witness and experience it. And mist of all, we, within ourselves we should never practice any form of controlling the formation of life in any form. It is pathetic that we support and pray all those mentioned later part if we to ourselves does not practice these, and commit any anti life actions. We should be responsible whenever we engage to sex, sex is sacred to married couples only.

Free Enterprise and the Role of Government in America

Free Enterprise and the Role of Government in America Americans often disagree about the appropriate role of government in the economy. This is demonstrated by the sometimes inconsistent approach to regulatory policy throughout American history. As  Christoper Conte and Albert Karr point out in their volume, Outline of the U.S. Economy, the American commitment to free markets continually endured since the dawn of the 21-century, even as  Americas capitalist  economy  remained a work in progress. History of Large Government The American belief in free enterprise does not and has not precluded a major role for government. Many times, Americans have depended on the government to break up or regulate companies that appeared to be developing so much power that they could defy market forces. In general, government grew larger and intervened more aggressively in the economy from the 1930s until the 1970s.   Citizens rely on the government to address matters the private economy overlooks in sectors ranging from education to protecting the environment. Despite their advocacy of market principles, Americans have used government at times in history to nurture new industries or even to protect American companies from competition. Shift Towards Less Government Intervention But economic hardships in the 1960s and 1970s left Americans skeptical about the ability of government to address many social and economic issues. Major social programs (including Social Security and Medicare, which, respectively, provide retirement income and health insurance for the elderly) survived this period of reconsideration. But the overall growth of the federal government slowed in the 1980s. A Flexible Service Economy The pragmatism and flexibility of Americans have resulted in an unusually dynamic economy. Change has been a constant in American economic history. As a result, the once agrarian country is far more urban today than it was 100, or even 50, years ago. Services have become increasingly important relative to traditional manufacturing. In some industries, mass production has given way to more specialized production that emphasizes product diversity and customization. Large corporations have merged, split up and reorganized in numerous ways. New industries and companies that did not exist at the midpoint of the 20th-century now play a major role in the nations economic life. Employers are becoming less paternalistic, and employees are expected to be more self-reliant. Increasingly, government and business leaders emphasize the importance of developing a highly skilled and flexible workforce in order to ensure the countrys future economic success.

Comparison of Judaism and Buddhism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Comparison of Judaism and Buddhism - Term Paper Example In this covenant, Abraham and his descendants were supposed to faithfully keep the commandments of God and to worship Him, while God would be their father and would protect them from all dangers and give them the victory of their enemies. In the Abrahamic covenant, the Israelites were supposed to lead morally upright lives through obedience to God. Judaism, therefore, was founded by Abraham, the father of the Jews people, and it is centered to obedience in YHWH, the God of Abraham and the God of all Jews. On the other hand, Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama in around 566 B.C.E. Gautama was a son of an Indian kind and he spent his adolescence life and his early adult life in a life of extravagance. When he was bored with luxuries of the world, Gautama wondered into the wilderness in search of enlightenment and understanding. In his meditations on sufferings while in the wilderness, Gautama had an insight into how to free from sufferings and to achieve salvation. Following this insight, Gautama was known as Buddha, meaning the enlightened one. According to Buddhism religion, morally right actions bring about happiness and long life, while immoral actions bring about unhappiness in the long run. Apart from their similarities in regard to their moral teachings, the other two main similarities between Judaism and Buddhism is in regard to their attitude towards future life, and their views on the proselytizing their religions. Both the Judaism and Buddhism religion do not emphasize on afterlife; also, both the Judaism religion and the Buddhism religion do not proselytize their religion or their moral teachings. Judaism, as we have already said emphasize on moral uprightness in obedience to God as a way of living out the Abrahamic covenant. The Holy book of the Jews, the Torah explains clearly the right conduct that the Jews should observe in keeping with the demands of the Abrahamic covenant. The moral teachings of Judaism emphasize the need for the people to treat each other in a humane and a morally right way.

Philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

Philosophy - Assignment Example ey argue using stock question, "If everything has a cause, then what caused about God?† To recommend that God require not have a cause, and then it implies the universe did not have a cause. Perhaps, the individuals who disagree with the question and recommendation, it is the universe itself or the occasion that rose it, that is the uncaused cause (Solomon and Martin 90). There are numerous illustrations of philosophers who are against the straw man First Cause contention. They incorporate Graham Priest, Steven Hales, Bertrand Russell, Nigel Warburton, Robin Le Poidevin, Simon Blackburn, Jenny Teichman, Michael Martin, and Katherine Evans. Solomon and Martin offers a few further samples from philosophy books, including Russells book Why I Am Not a Christian as the source from which numerous writers realized the caricature that was answered by the stock. Solomon and Martin believe that David Hume through his book the Dialogs Concerning Natural Religion discredits the stock straw man’s First Cause contention; he was among the first extraordinary authors to do as such. Solomon and Martin suggest that it is agreeable without qualifying the rule "Each being has a cause,† any invalidation this, if nothing else, ought to excite suspicions among the believers concerning the principle or practice. Critics routinely discredit the straw man without referring to any individual who has ever defended it. For example, Le Poidevin conceded that nobody has actually defended it, after dishonestly criticizing proponent or the advocates for the First Cause contention of disaffirming themselves by denying that God has a cause. Solomon and Martin note that Aquinas unequivocally denied that everything had a cause. Aquinas said that "to be caused by an alternate or another, does not apply to a being inasmuch as the being; generally, every being would be caused by another, so we ought to need to move ahead to limitlessness in causes - impossibility†. Aquinas believes that it is

Analysing Vitamins And Minerals Biology Essay

Analysing Vitamins And Minerals Biology Essay A free radical is reactive and unstable electrically charged atom with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell. To become stable, the free radical has to either give up or gain an electron from another molecule (Tortora et al. 2006, p. 32), thus effecting the bodys ability to maintain normal cell function (Rolfes et a. 2009, p. 391). Free radicals have been implicated in the aging process, heart disease, the development of cancer and other chronic diseases (NCNZ 2009, p. 56). Antioxidants are natural compounds that prevent or neutralise the damaging effects of free radicals, by donating an electron to the unstable molecule without affecting their own stability. Each vitamin and mineral antioxidant functions to protect a particular part of the body (NCNZ 2009, p. 56). For example, selenium functions as a component of proteins that prevent free-radiacal formation (Rolfes et al. 2009, p. 457) in tissues and cell membranes, and Vitamin C protects body fluids from oxidative stress (Rolfes et al. 2009, p. 351). Briefly discuss three factors that can affect the assimilation of supplements. Include within your discussion the reasons why supplements may be necessary and why these are sometimes poorly utilised by the body. Supplement absorption is dependent upon many different factors such as the bodys nutritional requirements, digestive function and time, supplement form and method of preparation, the types of foods they are taken with, and the presence of synergists, co-factors or inhibitors. Most vitamins are well absorbed in the digestive tract. Water soluble vitamins are readily assimilated directly into the blood and are better absorbed when digested with food. Fat soluble vitamins enter the blood via the lymph and require carriers for transport (NCNZ2 2010, p. 48). Fat soluble vitamins are best taken after meals (Haas 2006, p. 90). A fat deficient diet limits assimilation of fat soluble vitamins (NCNZ2 2010, p. 49). Minerals have a lower absorption rate than vitamins they compete with other minerals for absorption, and often require carriers for absorption and transportation (NCNZ2 2010, p. 51). Low stomach acidity also impacts the absorption of vitamins and minerals such as Vitamin B12 (NCNZ1 2010, p. 26). Calcium also, requires adequate stomach acidity dissolve prior to assimilation (NCNZ2 2010, p. 52). Supplement form and method of preparation result in differing levels of bioavailability. Naturally derived vitamins and minerals are believed to be assimilated better by the body. Natural supplements may be absorbed up to 85% more than their synthetic counterparts (NCNZ1 2010, p. 8). Naturally occurring forms of the same vitamin or mineral may also differ in absorption. For example, alpha tocopherol is the most active of the eight different naturally occuring forms of Vitamin E (NCNZ1 2010, p. 17). Some minerals are bound or chelated to different compounds that enable the mineral to be better absorbed by the body. Ionic minerals are fully dissolved in water particles, and appear to have superior absorption rates (NCNZ1 2010, p. 11). A varied balance of nutrients are required to work effectively together as synergists and cofactors to promote the absorption and function of vitamins and minerals in the body (NCNZ1 2010, p. 10). Vitamins and minerals can interact as synergists. Cofactors can include enzymes and coenzymes, amino acids, antioxidants, and activators (NCNZ1 2010, p. 9). For example, Vitamin C absorption is increased when taken with bioflavonoids (NCNZ1 2010, p. 28). And Vitamin C, an antioxidant, is a synergist for Vitamins A, D, E, K, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, calcium, magnesium, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium. List four points detailing when supplementation may be necessary for someone? Declining mineral levels in foods: As the human body does not manufacture minerals, we need to obtain our daily requirements through our diet. However, intensive farming and agricultural practices since WWII have resulted in minerally deficient foods grown in nutrient depleted soils. If our fresh produce is deficient in nutrients, we may require additional supplementation as well as a healthy diet (NCNZ1 2010, p. 6). Pregnancy: Women who are planning pregnancy, are pregnant, or who are breastfeeding benefit from a balanced diet and supplementation of certain nutrients such as iron, folic acid and zinc to ensure an adequate supply of micronutrients to minimise the risk of maternal problems and birth defects (Haas 2006, p. 569). Life stages: Haas (2006, p. 89) recommends taking additional supplements to support the best possible health during life transition periods, such as adolscence or menopause. Supplementation is particularly beneficial in the elderly as they eat less, and are less efficient at assimilating nutrients from food. High consumption of stimulants: High consumption of refined foods, caffiene, alcohol and regular smoking can deplete nutrients in our body (Haas 2006, p. 154). Nutritional deficiencies create a variety of symptoms and increase our susceptibility to disease. Supplementation can used as a primary treatment for specific problems, for detoxification, or to restore nutritional imbalances (Haas 2006, p. 88-89). C r NCr Question 5 What is the best absorbed form of vitamin E? List three female health complaints where evidence has shown that vitamin E can help. The most bioavailable form of vitamin E is alpha-tocopherol. Naturally occurring vitamin E (d-ÃŽÂ ±-tocopherol) is more biologically active and potent than its synthetic equivalent dl-ÃŽÂ ± tocopherol (Zimmerman 2001, p. 29). Fibrocystic breast disease Clinical studies have shown vitamin E supplementation as an effective treatment for fibrocystic breast disease (Murray 1998, p. 456; Haas 2006, p. 104; Zimmerman 2001, p. 32). Menopause Vitamin E supplementation of 400-800IU daily has been shown to reduce symptoms associated with menopause, particularly hot flushes and atrophic vaginitis (Stengler 2001, p 479; Murray 1998, p. 637, Haas 2006, p. 104) . Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Symptoms of breast tenderness, depression, nervous tension, headaches, fatigue, insomnia and cravings are reduced in women with PMS following vitamin E supplementation (Murray et al. 1998, p. 747; Stengler 2001, p. 480; Zimmerman 2001, p. 32). C r NCr Question 6 Name at least five whole food sources that are high in vitamin K. Whole food sources high in vitamin K include leafy greens such as cabbage, kale, lettuce and spinach, alfalfa, kelp, eggs, fish and wholegrain oats (Haas 2006, p. 107; NCNZ 2010, p. 17). Apart from food sources, how else is this vitamin provided? Vitamin K is produced in the human body by intestinal bacteria (NCNZ 2010, p. 17). List three important functions of vitamin K. The synthesis of coagulation proteins in the liver Factors II, VII, IX and X in the coagulation cascade, all necessary for blood clotting Required for bone formation, Vitamin K participates in the synthesis of the bone protein osteocalcin which regulates calcium metabolism. Assists in glycogenesis the conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage in the liver. (Balch 2006, p. 27) C r NCr Question 7 List four unrefined sources that are high in vitamin A and four good sources of beta carotene. Unrefined sources high in retinol include liver, fish liver oil, egg yolks and whole milk. Sources of beta carotene include carrots, apricots, rockmelon and kumara (Haas 2006, p. 93). Describe the pathway of conversion between beta carotene and vitamin A. Provitamin A beta-carotene is converted to retinal during absorption in the upper intestine and by the liver, and further converted by the body to Vitamin A retinol (Haas 2006, p. 92). Why may large doses of vitamin A be toxic to the body as opposed to high doses of beta carotene? Retinols are absorbed faster and processed more efficiently than beta-carotenes. Conversion of beta-carotene to retinol is regulated in the body and stored in adipose tissue until required (Rolfes et al. 2***, p. 374). Diets that are low in fat may contribute to decreased absorption of which group of nutrients? The fat soluble vitamins A, E, D and K. Also absorption of carotenoids, such as beta-carotene is enhanced by consuming fat with a meal (NCNZ1 2010, p. 14). C r NCr Question 8 Many of the B vitamins have corresponding tongue and mouth deficiency signs. On the tongue diagrams provided, draw the various signs of B vitamin deficiency that might be seen and write underneath any mouth signs. B1: Lines down the side of tongue and furrows on tongue. B2: Angular stomatitis; cracked lips; cold sores; a sore, bright red or purple tongue that may be mapped. B3: Mouth sores; cracks in the tongue, often in the middle; a red tip; scalloping; raised papillae; possible small tongue. B5: Big, red, beefy tongue with cracks and furrows. B6: Angular stomatitis; enlarged red tongue; redness on the edge of the tongue B12: Tongue may be smooth, with a strawberry tip and edge. (NCNZ 2010, p. 20-27) C r NCr Question 9 Name five unrefined foods that are especially high in B vitamins, at least two of them should be from vegetarian sources. Liver, brewers yeast, whole grains, wheat germ, legumes. Describe how a deficiency of vitamin B3 leads to symptoms of anxiety or depression, poor sleeping, and carbohydrate cravings? Trytophan is a precursor of seratonin and vitamin B3 (Haas 2006, p. 47). Vitamin B3 is converted from tryptophan if vitamin B3 levels are low, which depletes serotonin levels. Low levels of serotonin can lead to symptoms of anxiety, depression, carbohydrate cravings and insomnia (NCNZ 2010, p. 22). List seven other vitamins or minerals that are important for stress response? Vitamin A, C, E Selenium are potent antioxidants that reduce free radical damage caused by stress. Vitamin C also supports adrenal function. All the B vitamins are required for the proper functioning of the nervous system, particularly Vitamin B5, considered the anti-stress vitamin essential for healthy adrenal function (NCNZ 2010). Calcium and Magnesium are both deficient when stressed. Calcium is important for nerve transmission and aids relaxation and Magesium, a natural tranquilizer, helps to balance the nervous system (Haas 2006, p. 602). What is the full name of vitamin B7? List three therapeutic uses for this vitamin. Biotin can be used therapeutically to control blood glucose in diabetes, for fat metabolism and utilisation in weight management, to prevent hair loss when related to biotin deficiency, and for dermatological conditions such as dermatits and eczema (Haas 2006, p. 128). A deficiency of which digestive juices can contribute to B12 deficiency? Hydrochloric acid aids in the absorption of vitamin B12 (Haas 2006, p. 125). What dietary factors can contribute to a B12 deficiency? B12 deficiency can occur in people with strict vegetarian diets (Haas 2006, p. 126). Dairy and wheat intolerances interfere with Vitamin B12 absorption, and excessive consumption of alcohol and coffee can reduce B12 levels (NCNZ 2010, p.26). C r NCr Question 10 What vitamins and minerals are affected by oral contraceptive pill (O.C.P) use? Discuss whether their absorption is increased or decreased by the O.C.P. The OCP interferes with the metabolism of most of the B vitamins. In particular, reduced levels of B6, B9 and B12 are related to inadequate absorption (Haas 2006, p. 718). The OCP may also decrease absorption of Vitamin C in the body (Balch 2006, p. 24; Haas 2006, p. 718). Copper absorption is increased with OCP use (NCNZ 2010, p. 34). Zinc absorption is decreased due to high copper levels, therefore zinc levels drop also (NCNZ 2010, p. 44; Haas 2006, p. 718). C r NCr Question 11 Which four main nutrients and cofactors are necessary for the prevention of anaemia? Iron, vitamin B12, Folic acid and Vitamin C (NCNZ1 2010; Balch 2006, p. 201). C r NCr Question 12 List five factors that increase, and five factors that decrease, the absorption of calcium Increase calcium absorption Decrease calcium absorption Moderate exercise Lack of exercise Vitamin D Excess dietary fat Lactose Oxalic acid foods (e.g. almonds, cocoa, rhubarb, spinach) Amino acid lysine Phytates (found in whole grain foods) Gastric hydrochloric acid Stress (NCNZ 2010, p. 30; Balch 2006, p. 31; Haas 2001, p. 155) Research and describe with reasoning how magnesium can benefit three specific health conditions: Cardiovascular disease, PMS, depression, hypertension Cardiovascular disease: According to Haas (2006, p. 666), Magnesium may be the single most important nutrient in CVD protection, especially when it is deficient. Magnesium (Mg) deficiency is associated with fatal cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension, heart disease and sudden cardiac arrest (Balch 2006, p. 36; Haas 2006, p. 162). Mg is involved in many enzyme actions controlling glucose, protein and fats (Balch 2006, p. 301) which contribute to energy production and cardiovascular function. Mg assists in maintaining proper heart rhythm and blood pressure (Balch 2006, p. 467). Magnesium is required for the electrical stability of the myocardium, is used to produce energy for heart contractions and regular rhythm, and also relaxes the blood vessel walls, improving circulation and reducing blood pressure. (Haas 2006, p. 666; Al-Delaimy et al. 2004). Mg also keeps calcium in circulation, minimizing increased muscle contractility and nerve conduction of the heart (Al-Delaimy et al. 2004). A randomized clinical trial showed that intravenous magnesium administered in acute myocardial infarction was associated with a 49% reduction in ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation, a 58% reduction in the incidence of cardiac arrest, and a 54% reduction in mortality (Horner, 1992). Research has shown that increased dietary and supplemental magnesium intake was possibly associated with a modestly lower risk of CVD among men (Al-Delaimy et al. 2004). In a cohort study of women, higher plasma concentrations and dietary magnesium intakes were associated with lower risks of sudden cardiac death (Chiuve et al. 2011). Other research have demonstrated that higher magnesium intake was associated with lower blood pressure and lower risk of type 2 diabetes, both of which are risk factors for CVD (Al-Delaimy et al. 2004). Al-Delaimy W. Rimm E. Willet W. Stampfer M. Hu F. (2004), Magnesium Intake and Risk of CHYPERLINK http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/23/1/63oronary Heart Disease among Men, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 23 (1), p. 63-70 Chiuve S, Januzzi J. Gantzer M. Albert C. (2011) Plasma and dietary magnesium and risk of sudden cardiac death in women, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 93 (2), p. 253-260 Horner S. (1992), Efficacy of Intravenous Magnesium in Acute Myocardial Infarction in Reducing Arrhythmias and Mortality: Meta-analysis of Magnesium in Acute Myocardial Infarction, Circulation, Vol. 86, p. 774-779 PMS: Magnesium (Mg) is known fluctuate across the menstrual cycle and is often at its lowest level during menstruation (Haas 2006, p.164). Mg is involved in various cellular pathways and neuromuscular actions which affect PMS, and deficiency may be related (Balch 2006, p. 646). Haas (2006, p. 721) suggests that Mg may assist with PMS symptoms such as anxiety, mood swings, fatigue, irritability, dysmenorrhoea, pre-menstrual depression and bloating. Mg has been noted to reduce negative mood and water retention, and is more effective than placebo in some studies. One study demonstrated the synergistic effect of Mg + vitamin B6 on reducing anxiety-related premenstrual symptoms such as nervous tension, mood swings and irritability (De Souza, 2000). However, a double blinded placebo controlled study of intravenous magnesium infusion in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder found no significant difference in mood symptoms and no evidence of magnesium deficiency when compared to the control group (Braverman, 2007). Limited evidence suggests that Mg supplements might be useful in treating premenstrual symptoms and warrants further investigation. Braverman P. (2007), Mini-Review: Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder, Journal of Paediatric and Adolescent Gynaecology, Vol. 20, p. 3-12 De Souza M. Walker A. Robinson P. Bolland K. (2000), A Synergistic Effect of a Daily Supplement for 1 Month of 200 mg Magnesium plus 50 mg Vitamin B6 for the Relief of Anxiety-Related Premenstrual Symptoms: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Study, Journal of Womens Health Gender-Based Medicine, Vol. 9 (2), p. 131-139 Depression: It has been suggested that magnesium deficiency causes most major depression episodes and related mental health illnesses. Treatment using magnesium glycinate or taurinate is important for restoring balance (Eby, 2010), and for relaxation and dealing with stress (Haas 2006, p.737). Magnesium chloride (Magnesia muriatica) has been used successfully as a homeopathic treatment of emotional problems such as anxiety, apathy, aversions, despair, depression, discontent, headaches, fear, insecurity, irritability, moodiness and uncertainty (Eby, 2006). Magnesium is necessary in the actions of over 300 enzymes, many of which have a wide role in brain biochemistry, implicating magnesium deficiency in a variety of neuroses (Eby, 2006). It plays a vital role in all the major metabolisms in oxidation-reduction and in ionic regulation (Eby, 2010). Magnesium ions regulate calcium ion flow in neuronal calcium channels, regulating neuronal nitric oxide production. Magnesium deficiency may cause N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-coupled calcium channels to be biased towards opening, causing neuronal damage and neurological dysfunction, exhibited as major depression (Eby, 2006). Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) magnesium has been found low in patients with treatment-resistant suicidal depression, and brain magnesium has been found low in treatment-resistant depression. However, low blood magnesium levels is not associated with major depression. Insufficient brain magnesium is proposed to reduce serotonin levels (Eby, 2010). Hypothyroidism (symptoms include depression), is associated with low magnesium whereby circulating T4 levels interrelate with magnesium serum levels (Eby, 2006). Oral magnesium treatment has been found to be effective in treating major depression (Eby, 2010). Case histories have shown that patients taking 125-300  mg of magnesium glycinate and taurinate taken with meals and before bed show a speedy recovery from major depression (Eby, 2006). Eby (2010) recommends that magnesium be prescribed for treatment-resistant depression, with continued research required to further confirm current findings. Eby G. Eby K. (2006), Rapid Recovery from Major HYPERLINK http://ezproxy.massagecollege.ac.nz:2051/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6WN2-4JHMS7D-3_user=8750106_coverDate=12/31/2006_alid=1680154477_rdoc=4_fmt=high_orig=search_origin=search_zone=rslt_list_item_cdi=6950_sort=r_st=13_docanchor=view=c_ct=20625_acct=C000107557_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=8750106md5=fa99ab1c8e18348d65cd4a0f313c960bsearchtype=aDepression using HYPERLINK http://ezproxy.massagecollege.ac.nz:2051/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6WN2-4JHMS7D-3_user=8750106_coverDate=12/31/2006_alid=1680154477_rdoc=4_fmt=high_orig=search_origin=search_zone=rslt_list_item_cdi=6950_sort=r_st=13_docanchor=view=c_ct=20625_acct=C000107557_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=8750106md5=fa99ab1c8e18348d65cd4a0f313c960bsearchtype=aMagnesium Treatment, Medical Hypotheses, Vol. 67, p. 362-370 Eby G. Eby K. (2010) Magnesium for treatment-resistant depression: A review and hypothesis,  Ã‚   Medical Hypotheses, Vol. 74 (4), p. 649-660 STOMACH CANCER Selenium you need to go over most of the  nutrients and sort out which relate to which type of cancer.   There is a very good section in Prescription for Nutritional Healing (Balch Balch) on different cancers and treatments including nutritional ones.   If you dig through Haas also you will find plenty of references to cancer and nutrients.   There are also references in the study notes, as you have mentioned.   NCr

Leadership in Braveheart Essay -- Leader Leading Braveheart Essays

Leadership in "Braveheart" In today's rapidly changing world, leadership is necessary to keep up with the competition. In the extract from the film â€Å"Braveheart†, William Wallace demonstrated many leadership techniques that helped his army prevail as an underdog. Many of the techniques Wallace used are prevalent in modern day business leaders as well. By stepping up in a leadership role, Wallace gained the respect of the entire army even though he was not the man that was put in charge. One of the main things that Wallace did was lead through his actions. By stepping up to the front line, it showed his troops that he was not scared and this attitude was imitated by the rest of the troops. In the present day business world, an effective leader hears what others have to say and helps them with their issues. This is just what Wallace did. In the short extract of â€Å"Braveheart† Wallace showed what was necessary to be a successful leader. There are many lessons that should be gained from watching William Wallace. First, no matter what the situation was, he was very calm and composed. He was very calm when speaking with the head of the opposing army and very composed while his army was being charged at by opposing forces, even though they were obviously much outnumbered. Another characteristic of how Wallace displayed leadership was his confidence and sense of humor throughout the entire scene. He ordered his troops to pull their pants down and â€Å"moon† the English in the middle of a war standoff. I think that this was a very good technique to loosen up the troops and make them more comfortable and confident. Also his confidence was very apparent throughout the war. He told his army that they would lose some lives but in the end they would recover their freedom. The army saw his confidence and in turn , they became more confident about victory as well. Other techniques Wallace used were being inspirational, motivational and patriotic. Before the war started, most of the troops were very uneasy and started to turn around and head home. Wallace came to the front of them, got their attention and made a very inspiring speech that fired them up and turned there attention back to the task at hand. The Scottish army was ready to turn back and concede their freedom to the English. Wallace showed patriotism by painting his face blue for the Scottish flag and encouraged h... ...man and the maker of the Model T Ford car. He said, â€Å"If money is your hope for independence you will never have it. The only real security that a man will have in this world is a reserve of knowledge, experience, and ability.† William Wallace was never interested in money or fame. He stood up for what he thought was the right thing, and encouraged his followers to do the same. â€Å"Failure is the opportunity to begin again, more intelligently†, says Ford. Ford knew that he would not succeed at all times but if he learned from his mistakes and tried again, he would eventually win. Wallace had the same mentality. He knew that his army would lose some of their troops during the battle, but if they were victorious, they would learn from there loses and grow strong again. There are many leadership lessons that William Wallace exposed in this short extract of â€Å"Braveheart†. These examples of leadership are very important in being a successful leader in the modern day business world as well. By standing strong in adversity, Wallace got the attention of his army and inspired them into battle. Wallace acts as a great guide of how businessmen should effectively lead their employees today.